damaged machine

1. n

1) машина, механизм

2) любое транспортное средство

3) аппарат (организационный)

2. v

broken-down

adjective

(a) (damaged → machine) détraqué; (→ car) en panne

(b) (worn out) fini, à bout

1) (injury or hurt, especially to a thing: The storm did/caused a lot of damage; She suffered brain-damage as a result of the accident.) daño

2) ((in plural) payment for loss or injury suffered: The court awarded him $5,000 damages.) daños y perjuicios

- damaged

damage¹ n daño / daños

damage² vb dañar / estropear / perjudicar

El gerundio de damage se escribe damaging

tr['dæmɪʤ]

noun

1 (gen) daño; (to reputation, cause, health) perjuicio, daños nombre masculino plural; (destruction) destrozos nombre masculino plural, daños nombre masculino plural, estragos nombre masculino plural

■ the scandal did a great deal of damage to his reputation el escándalo causó grave perjuicio a su reputación

■ the storm caused serious damage to several buildings la tormenta produjo daños importantes en varios edificios

transitive verb

1 (gen) dañar, hacer daño a; (health, reputation, cause) dañar, perjudicar

■ smoking damages your health el tabaco perjudica la salud

■ the theatre was severely damaged by the fire el teatro sufrió grandes daños en el incendio

■ it has damaged her self-confidence su autoestima se ha visto mermada

plural noun damages

1 SMALLLAW/SMALL daños nombre masculino plural y perjuicios

\

to be damaged / get damaged dañarse

what's the damage? (asking for bill) tráeme la dolorosa, ¿cuánto se debe?

brain damage lesión nombre femenino cerebral

damage ['dæmɪʤ] vt, - aged ; - aging : dañar (un objeto o una máquina), perjudicar (la salud o una reputación)

damage n

1) : daño m, perjuicio m

2) damages npl

: daños y perjuicios mpl

• avería s.f.

• daño s.m.

• descalabro s.m.

• injuria s.f.

• lesión s.f.

• mal s.m.

• perjuicio s.m.

• quebranto s.m.

• quiebra s.f.

• averiar v.

• damnificar v.

• dañar v.

• descabalar v.

• descalabrar v.

• estropear v.

• lacrar v.

• lastimar v.

• malear v.

• malparar v.

• perjudicar v.

1) u ( to object) daño m; (to reputation, cause) daño m, perjuicio m

2) damages pl ( Law) daños y perjuicios mpl

a) \<\<building/vehicle\>\> dañar; \<\<health\>\> perjudicar*, ser* perjudicial para; \<\<reputation/cause\>\> perjudicar*, dañar

b) damaged past p < stock> dañado, averiado

1. N

1) (gen) daño m ; (visible, eg on car) desperfectos mpl ; (to building, area) daños pl

2) (fig) (to chances, reputation etc) perjuicio m, daño m

- what's the damage?

3) damages (Jur) daños mpl y perjuicios; recover 1., 2)

VT (=harm) dañar; [+ machine] averiar, causar desperfectos en; [+ health, chances, reputation] perjudicar

* * *

1) u ( to object) daño m; (to reputation, cause) daño m, perjuicio m

2) damages pl ( Law) daños y perjuicios mpl

a) \<\<building/vehicle\>\> dañar; \<\<health\>\> perjudicar*, ser* perjudicial para; \<\<reputation/cause\>\> perjudicar*, dañar

b) damaged past p < stock> dañado, averiado

1) riparazione f.; (of clothes) rammendo m.; (of building) ristrutturazione f.; mar. (of hull) raddobbo m.

2) form. (condition)

1) riparare, aggiustare [ machine]; mar. raddobbare [ hull]

2) form. fig. riparare, rimediare a [ wrong]

verbo intransitivo form. (go) recarsi

* * *

1) (to mend; to make (something) that is damaged or has broken down work again; to restore to good condition: to repair a broken lock / torn jacket.) riparare

2) (to put right or make up for: Nothing can repair the harm done by your foolish remarks.) riparare, rimediare

1) ((often in plural) the act of repairing something damaged or broken down: I put my car into the garage for repairs; The bridge is under repair.) riparazione

2) (a condition or state: The road is in bad repair; The house is in a good state of repair.) condizione, (buone condizioni)

•

- repairable

* * *

1 [uc] riparazione: The insurance company will pay for the repairs to my car, l'assicurazione pagherà le riparazioni della mia auto; to undergo repairs, andare in riparazione; to be beyond repair, non essere riparabile; to carry out repairs, eseguire riparazioni

2 [uc] restauro ( di edificio): The museum is closed for repairs, il museo è chiuso per restauro

● (naut.) repair dock, bacino di riparazione □ (naut.) repair ship, nave officina □ repair shop, officina di riparazioni □ (naut.) repair yard, cantiere di raddobbo □ to be in (a) good [bad] ( state of) repair, essere in buono [cattivo] stato □ to be in need of repair, dover essere riparato; ( di edificio) dover essere restaurato □ to be out of repair, essere in cattivo stato □ under repair, in riparazione; ( di edificio) in restauro □ (naut.) to undergo repairs, essere ai lavori (o in raddobbo) □ «Road under repair» ( cartello stradale), «lavori in corso».

1 riparare; aggiustare: to repair an engine [a pair of shoes, a railway track], riparare un motore [un paio di scarpe, un binario ferroviario] NOTA D'USO: - to mend, to fix o to repair?-

2 (edil.) restaurare ( un edificio)

3 riparare, rimediare a: to repair a wrong, riparare un torto; to repair a mistake, rimediare a un errore; to repair the damage [loss], risarcire il danno [la perdita]

4 (naut.) raddobbare: to repair a ship, raddobbare una nave.

(form., scherz.) riparare; rifugiarsi: After dinner, we repaired to the pub for a few beers, dopo cena, ce ne siamo andati al pub a bere qualche birra.

* * *

1) riparazione f.; (of clothes) rammendo m.; (of building) ristrutturazione f.; mar. (of hull) raddobbo m.

2) form. (condition)

1) riparare, aggiustare [ machine]; mar. raddobbare [ hull]

2) form. fig. riparare, rimediare a [ wrong]

verbo intransitivo form. (go) recarsi

1) no pl. Schaden, der

2) in pl. (Law) Schaden[s]ersatz, der

1) beschädigen

2) (detract from) schädigen

* * *

1) (injury or hurt, especially to a thing: The storm did/caused a lot of damage; She suffered brain-damage as a result of the accident.) der Schaden

2) ((in plural) payment for loss or injury suffered: The court awarded him $5,000 damages.) der Schadensersatz

- academic.ru/18301/damaged">damaged

* * *

I. vt

▪ to \damage sth

1. (wreck) etw dat schaden [o Schaden zufügen], etw [be]schädigen

to be badly \damaged building schwer beschädigt sein

2. (blemish) etw dat schaden

the scandal is damaging his good reputation der Skandal schadet seinem [guten] Ruf

II. n no pl

1. (destruction) Schaden m (to an + dat), [Be]schädigung f

to cause \damage to sth etw beschädigen

2. (injury) Schaden m (to an + dat)

to suffer brain \damage einen Gehirnschaden erleiden

to do \damage to sb/sth jdm/etw schaden [o Schaden zufügen]

to do \damage to sb's pride jds Stolz verletzen

3. LAW Schaden m

causing criminal \damage Verursachung f strafbarer Sachbeschädigung

malicious \damage böswillige Sachbeschädigung

\damages pl for pain and suffering Schmerzensgeld nt

▶ the \damage is done es ist nun einmal passiert

▶ what's the \damage? ( hum fam) was kostet der Spaß?

* * *

1. n

1) Schaden m (to an +dat)

2) pl (JUR) Schaden(s)ersatz m (inf = cost)

2. vt

* * *

damage [ˈdæmıdʒ]

A s

1. (to) Schaden m (an dat), Beschädigung f (gen):

do damage Schaden anrichten;

do damage to → B;

the damage is done now jetzt ist es schon passiert;

damage by sea SCHIFF Seeschaden, Havarie f;

suffer ( oder sustain) damage at sea SCHIFF havarieren;

damage caused by fire Brandschaden;

damage control ( oder limitation) bes fig Schadensbegrenzung f; → personal A 1, property 1

2. Verlust m, Einbuße f

3. pl JUR

a) Schadensbetrag m

b) Schadenersatz m:

pay damages Schadenersatz leisten;

seek damages auf Schadenersatz klagen;

sue sb for damages, seek damages against sb jemanden auf Schadenersatz verklagen; → action 12, award A 1, exemplary 1, punitive 1

4. umg Preis m, Rechnung f:

what’s the damage? was kostet der Spaß?

B v/t

1. beschädigen:

men damaged by war Kriegsversehrte

2. jemandem, jemandes Ruf etc schaden, Schaden zufügen, jemanden schädigen

C v/i Schaden nehmen, beschädigt werden

* * *

1) no pl. Schaden, der

2) in pl. (Law) Schaden[s]ersatz, der

1) beschädigen

2) (detract from) schädigen

* * *

Beschädigung f.

Schaden -¨e m. v.

beschädigen v.

schädigen v.

- misuse

* * *

- misuse

1) (to clean (a thing or person, especially oneself) with (soap and) water or other liquid: How often do you wash your hair?; You wash (the dishes) and I'll dry; We can wash in the stream.) vaske

2) (to be able to be washed without being damaged: This fabric doesn't wash very well.) tåle vask

3) (to flow (against, over etc): The waves washed (against) the ship.) skylle

4) (to sweep (away etc) by means of water: The floods have washed away hundreds of houses.) skylle

1) (an act of washing: He's just gone to have a wash.) vaske sig

2) (things to be washed or being washed: Your sweater is in the wash.) til vask

3) (the flowing or lapping (of waves etc): the wash of waves against the rocks.) bølgeslag

4) (a liquid with which something is washed: a mouthwash.) -vand

5) (a thin coat (of water-colour paint etc), especially in a painting: The background of the picture was a pale blue wash.) skær

6) (the waves caused by a moving boat etc: The rowing-boat was tossing about in the wash from the ship's propellers.) dønning

•

- washable

* * *

1) (to clean (a thing or person, especially oneself) with (soap and) water or other liquid: How often do you wash your hair?; You wash (the dishes) and I'll dry; We can wash in the stream.) vaske

2) (to be able to be washed without being damaged: This fabric doesn't wash very well.) tåle vask

3) (to flow (against, over etc): The waves washed (against) the ship.) skylle

4) (to sweep (away etc) by means of water: The floods have washed away hundreds of houses.) skylle

1) (an act of washing: He's just gone to have a wash.) vaske sig

2) (things to be washed or being washed: Your sweater is in the wash.) til vask

3) (the flowing or lapping (of waves etc): the wash of waves against the rocks.) bølgeslag

4) (a liquid with which something is washed: a mouthwash.) -vand

5) (a thin coat (of water-colour paint etc), especially in a painting: The background of the picture was a pale blue wash.) skær

6) (the waves caused by a moving boat etc: The rowing-boat was tossing about in the wash from the ship's propellers.) dønning

•

- washable

participio passato break II

1) (damaged) [ window] rotto, infranto; [fingernail, bone, tooth] rotto, spezzato; [ object] rotto, spaccato; [radio, machine] rotto, guasto

2) (interrupted) [ circle] interrotto, discontinuo; [ line] spezzato, interrotto, discontinuo; [ voice] rotto, interrotto

3) (irregular) [ coastline] frastagliato; [ ground] accidentato

4) (depressed) [ person] avvilito, abbattuto; [ spirit] afflitto

5) (not honoured) [ engagement] rotto; [ promise] mancato

6) (flawed) attrib. [ French] stentato; [ sentence] sconnesso

* * *

1) (see break: a broken window; My watch is broken.)

2) (interrupted: broken sleep.) interrotto; agitato

3) (uneven: broken ground.) accidentato

4) ((of language) not fluent: He speaks broken English.) scorretto, sgrammaticato

5) (ruined: The children come from a broken home (= their parents are no longer living together).) disunito

•

- broken-hearted

* * *

participio passato break II

1) (damaged) [ window] rotto, infranto; [fingernail, bone, tooth] rotto, spezzato; [ object] rotto, spaccato; [radio, machine] rotto, guasto

2) (interrupted) [ circle] interrotto, discontinuo; [ line] spezzato, interrotto, discontinuo; [ voice] rotto, interrotto

3) (irregular) [ coastline] frastagliato; [ ground] accidentato

4) (depressed) [ person] avvilito, abbattuto; [ spirit] afflitto

5) (not honoured) [ engagement] rotto; [ promise] mancato

6) (flawed) attrib. [ French] stentato; [ sentence] sconnesso

aggettivo attrib.

1) (non-functional) [ machine] in panne, guasto

2) (damaged) [ wall] fatiscente

* * *

aggettivo attrib.

1) (non-functional) [ machine] in panne, guasto

2) (damaged) [ wall] fatiscente

1) бетон

2) окраска бетона

3) бетонный

4) бетонировать; сращивать

5) конкретный; определённый

•

- concrete of one consistency

* * *

бетон; бетонная смесь || бетонировать

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Weapons and armour

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Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.

It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.

Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.

In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.

[br]

See also: Pilcher, Percy Sinclair

CM / JDS

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.

His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.

In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.

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1) (restore, mend) reparieren; ausbessern [Kleidung, Straße]

2) (remedy) wieder gutmachen [Schaden, Fehler]; beheben [Schaden, Mangel]

1) (restoring, renovation) Reparatur, die

2) no pl., no art. (condition)

* * *

1) (to mend; to make (something) that is damaged or has broken down work again; to restore to good condition: to repair a broken lock / torn jacket.) reparieren

2) (to put right or make up for: Nothing can repair the harm done by your foolish remarks.) wiedergutmachen

1) ((often in plural) the act of repairing something damaged or broken down: I put my car into the garage for repairs; The bridge is under repair.) die Reparatur

2) (a condition or state: The road is in bad repair; The house is in a good state of repair.) der Zustand

•

- academic.ru/61524/repairable">repairable

* * *

[rɪˈpeəʳ, AM -ˈper]

I. vt

1. (restore)

▪ to \repair sth etw reparieren

to \repair a road eine Straße ausbessern

to \repair a puncture eine Reifenpanne beheben

to \repair a tyre [or AM tire] einen Reifen flicken

to \repair the ravages wrought by war die Kriegsschäden beseitigen

2. (put right)

▪ to \repair sth etw [wieder] in Ordnung bringen

to \repair the damage den Schaden wiedergutmachen

to \repair a friendship eine Freundschaft kitten fam

3. ( dated: retire)

▪ to \repair to sth sich akk zu etw dat begeben geh

II. n

1. (overhaul) Reparatur f

▪ \repairs pl Reparaturarbeiten pl, Instandsetzungsarbeiten pl form (to an + dat); (specific improvement) Reparaturstelle, ausgebesserte Stelle f

my car is in the garage for \repairs mein Auto ist zur Reparatur in der Werkstatt

the motorway will be under \repair until January an der Autobahn werden bis Januar Ausbesserungsarbeiten durchgeführt

in need of \repair reparaturbedürftig

\repair service Reparaturdienst m

to do [or carry out] \repairs Reparaturen durchführen

to make \repairs to sth etw ausbessern

beyond \repair irreparabel

2. (state) Zustand m

to be in good/bad \repair in gutem/schlechtem Zustand sein

state of \repair of building baulicher Zustand

to be in an excellent/a terrible state of \repair in einem ausgezeichneten/schlimmen Zustand sein

to keep sth in [very] good \repair etw [sehr gut] instand halten

* * *

1. vt (lit, fig)

2. n

1) (lit) Reparatur f; (of tyre also, clothes) Flicken nt; (of roof, wall also, road) Ausbesserung f; (fig of relationship) Kitten nt

2) no pl

* * *

repair¹ [rıˈpeə(r)]

A v/t

1. reparieren, (wieder) instand setzen, einen Schaden beseitigen

2. ausbessern

3. jemandes Gesundheit etc wiederherstellen

4. ein Unrecht etc wiedergutmachen

5. einen Verlust ersetzen, Schadenersatz leisten für

B s

1. Reparatur f, Instandsetzung f:

beyond repair nicht mehr zu reparieren, irreparabel;

be under repair in Reparatur sein, repariert werden;

repair bill Reparaturrechnung f;

repair kit ( oder outfit) Reparaturwerkzeug n, Flickzeug n

2. pl Instandsetzungsarbeiten pl, Reparaturen pl:

I do all the repairs on my car ich repariere an meinem Wagen alles selbst

3. Ausbesserung f

4. Wiederherstellung f

5. auch state of repair (baulicher etc) Zustand:

in good repair in gutem Zustand;

a) betriebsunfähig,

b) baufällig

repair² [rıˈpeə(r)]

A v/i

1. (to)

a) sich begeben (nach einem Ort, zu jemandem)

b) sich wenden (an akk)

2. oft oder in großer Zahl gehen

B s

1. Zufluchtsort m, (beliebter) Aufenthaltsort

2. Treffpunkt m

* * *

1) (restore, mend) reparieren; ausbessern [Kleidung, Straße]

2) (remedy) wieder gutmachen [Schaden, Fehler]; beheben [Schaden, Mangel]

1) (restoring, renovation) Reparatur, die

2) no pl., no art. (condition)

* * *

Ausbesserung f.

Reparatur f. v.

ausbessern v.

instandsetzen v.

nachbessern v.

reparieren v.

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

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[br]

After Menzies conceived his idea of breaking off coal with machines in 1761, many inventors subsequently followed his proposals through into the practice of underground working. More than one century later, Garforth became one of the principal pioneers of machine-holing combined with the longwall method of working in order to reduce production costs and increase the yield of coal. Having been appointed agent to Pope \& Pearson's Collieries, West Yorkshire, in 1879, of which company he later became Managing Director and Chairman, he gathered a great deal of experience with different methods of cutting coal. The first disc machine was exhibited in London as early as 1851, and ten years later a pick machine was invented. In 1893 he introduced an improved type of deep undercutting machine, his "diamond" disc coal-cutter, driven by compressed air, which also became popular on the European continent.

Besides the considerable economic advantages it created, the use of machinery for mining coal increased the safety of working in hard and thin seams. The improvement of safety in mining technology was always his primary concern, and as a result of his inventions and his many publications he became the leading figure in the British coal mining industry at the beginning of the twentieth century; safety lamps still carry his name. In 1885 he invented a firedamp detector, and following a severe explosion in 1886 he concentrated on coal-dust experiments. From the information he obtained of the effect of stone-dust on a coal-dust explosion he proposed the stone-dust remedy to prevent explosions of coal-dust. As a result of discussions which lasted for decades and after he had been entrusted with the job of conducting the British coal-dust experiments, in 1921 an Act made it compulsory in all mines which were not naturally wet throughout to treat all roads with incombustible dust so as to ensure that the dust always consisted of a mixture containing not more than 50 per cent combustible matter. In 1901 Garforth erected a surface gallery which represented the damaged roadways of a mine and could be filled with noxious fumes to test self-contained breathing apparata. This gallery formed the model from which all the rescue-stations existing nowadays have been developed.

[br]

- device capability

- abrading device

- absolute position measuring device

- accident preventing device

- accounting device

- actuation device

- add-on device

- adjusting device

- adjustment device

- air-cleaning device

- alignment device

- ancillary sighting device

- antiskid device

- antisquat device

- antivibration device

- arc-control device

- arresting device

- ash sluicing device

- assemblage device

- assembly-and-disassembly device

- attenuation measuring device

- automated material-part handling device

- automatic jaw shift device

- automatic safety device

- automatic sizing device

- automatic workhandling device

- auxiliary device

- backlash elimination device

- backup device

- balancing device

- batching device

- belt-on control device

- belt-shifting device

- belt-type leveling device

- belt-type levelling device

- bending device

- bistable device

- black-out device

- blocking device

- bottom unloading device

- broach-handling device

- brush-shifting device

- burr-removing device

- calling device

- camming device

- canted device

- clamping device

- clean sweep device

- cold-starting device

- collet release device

- coupling device

- covering device

- cutting device

- damaged device

- detachable device

- detecting device

- deviation device

- diagnostic device

- misuse

tr[ (n) mɪs'jʊːs; (vb) mɪs'jʊːz]

noun

1 (of tool, resources, word, etc) mal uso, uso incorrecto; (of funds) malversación nombre femenino; (of power, authority) abuso

transitive verb

1 (tool, resources, word, etc) utilizar mal, emplear mal; (funds) malversar; (power, authority) abusar de

misuse [mɪs'ju:z] vt, - used ; - using

1) : emplear mal

2) abuse, mistreat: abusar de, maltratar

misuse [mɪs'ju:s] n

1) : mal empleo m, mal uso m

2) waste: derroche m, despilfarro m

3) abuse: abuso m

• abuso s.m.

• empleo impropio s.m.

• mal uso s.m.

• abusar de v.

• emplear mal v.

• maltratar v.

transitive verb \<\<language/tool\>\> utilizar* or emplear mal; \<\<resources\>\> despilfarrar; \<\<funds\>\> malversar

N [ˌmɪs'juːs]

VT [ˌmɪs'juːz]

* * *

transitive verb \<\<language/tool\>\> utilizar* or emplear mal; \<\<resources\>\> despilfarrar; \<\<funds\>\> malversar

broken [ˈbrəʊkən]

1. verb

past participle of  break

2. adjective

   a. ( = cracked, smashed) cassé

• pieces of broken glass des débris mpl de verre

   b. ( = fractured) cassé ; [bone, hand, foot] fracturé

• broken bones fractures fpl

   c. [machine, phone] détraqué

   d. [body, mind] brisé

• the scandal left him a broken man ce scandale l'a brisé

• to have a broken heart avoir le cœur brisé

   e. ( = interrupted) [sleep] interrompu ; [voice, line] brisé

• I've had several broken nights j'ai passé plusieurs mauvaises nuits

• broken cloud ciel m couvert avec des éclaircies

• to speak in broken English parler un mauvais anglais

   f. [promise, contract, engagement] rompu ; [appointment] manqué

   g. [marriage] brisé

• he comes from a broken home il vient d'un foyer désuni

3. compounds

► broken-down adjective [car] en panne ; [machine] détraqué

► broken-hearted adjective au cœur brisé

* * *

past participle break

1) ( damaged) [glass, window] brisé; [fingernail, tooth, bone, leg] cassé; [bottle, chair, handle, toy] cassé; [radio, machine] détraqué

2) ( interrupted) [circle, line] brisé; [voice] brisé

3) ( irregular) [coastline] découpé; [ground] accidenté

4) ( depressed) [man, woman] brisé; [spirit] abattu

5) ( not honoured) [contract, engagement, promise] rompu

6) ( flawed) (épith) [French] mauvais (before n); [sentence] maladroit